The Blue Economy is expanding rapidly to meet ambitious national and global targets for sustainable food and energy production. While this growth presents opportunities to meet human needs more sustainably, it also introduces significant challenges and uncertainties in three key areas: (1) environmental impacts of industry, (2) the influence of environmental change on industry, and (3) interactions between new and existing industries. In this talk, I will synthesise recent research quantifying these challenges across Australia’s Blue Economy, including climate change impacts on aquaculture, the potential for wildlife conflicts, and strategies for minimising negative and maximising positive industry interactions. I will also explore emerging solutions and decision-making frameworks that can help industry leaders and policymakers navigate these complexities. By integrating these insights, we can better support a Blue Economy that is not only sustainable and productive but also resilient to future change—ensuring the long-term health of Australia’s marine industries and ecosystems.