Handfish, endemic to south-eastern Australia, represent the world’s most threatened family of bony fish, with seven out of 14 species classified as endangered or critically endangered (IUCN Red List). These small, elusive, benthic fish use modified pectoral fins to “walk” on the seafloor. With fewer than 100 individuals remaining in the wild, this study focuses on conservation aquaculture, nutrition, ex-situ breeding, and pre-release conditioning for red handfish recovery. Ex-situ breeding is pivotal for conserving the red handfish, but the absence of sexual dimorphism outside the breeding season presents a unique challenge. Breeding season commences in July, when males’ nostrils enlarge, and females become gravid. In captivity, egg clutches range from 32 to 116 eggs per clutch, with fertilisation rates varying between 7% and 94%. Effective captive management is essential, as diet influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and health. Currently, the red handfish’s captive diets consist of several crustacean species. Key objectives include expanding dietary options and developing specialised feeds tailored to different life stages. Integrating conservation nutrition strategies into ex-situ breeding programs is essential for preserving the red handfish and improving health, growth, and reproductive success. These efforts support red handfish conservation and offer valuable insights for conserving other endangered species.